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Fortresses

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🧪 Offline Labs

NetExec Lab

LeHack2025

Writeup

0- lehack CTF 2025

1- Reconocimiento y Escaneos

2- Acceso Inicial

🐉 OffSec

Proving Grounds

🌐 PortSwigger

Access Control

01 - Unprotected admin functionality

02 - Unprotected admin functionality with unpredictable URL

03 - User role controlled by request parameter

04 - User role can be modified in user profile

05 - User ID controlled by request parameter

06 - User ID controlled by request parameter, with unpredictable user IDs

07 - User ID controlled by request parameter with data leakage in redirect

08 - User ID controlled by request parameter with password disclosure

09 - Insecure direct object references

10 - URL-based access control can be circumvented

11 - Method-based access control can be circumvented

12 - Multi-step process with no access control on one step

13 - Referer-based access control

APIs

Exploiting server-side parameter pollution in a REST URL

Authentication

01 - Username enumeration via different responses

02 - 2FA simple bypass

03 - Password reset broken logic

04 - Username enumeration via subtly different responses

05 - Username enumeration via response timing

06 - Broken brute-force protection, IP block

07 - Username enumeration via account lock

08 - 2FA broken logic

09 - Brute-forcing a stay-logged-in cookie

10 - Offline password cracking

11 - Password reset poisoning via middleware

12 - Password brute-force via password change

Tips

Business Logic

01 - Excessive trust in client-side controls

02 - High-level logic vulnerability

03 - Inconsistent security controls

04 - Flawed enforcement of business rules

05 - Low-level logic flaw

06 - Inconsistent handling of exceptional input

07 - Weak isolation on dual-use endpoint

08 - Insufficient workflow validation

09 - Authentication bypass via flawed state machine

10 - Infinite money logic flaw

11 - Authentication bypass via encryption oracle

Clickjacking

1 - Basic clickjacking with CSRF token protection

2 - Clickjacking with form input data prefilled from a URL parameter

3 - Clickjacking with a frame buster script

4 - Exploiting clickjacking vulnerability to trigger DOM-based XSS

5 - Multistep clickjacking

Theory

CORS

Practice

1 - CORS vulnerability with basic origin reflection

2 - CORS vulnerability with trusted null origin

3 - CORS vulnerability with trusted insecure protocols

Theory

CSRF

01 - CSRF vulnerability with no defenses

02 - CSRF where token validation depends on request method

03 - CSRF where token validation depends on token being present

04 - CSRF where token is not tied to user session

05 - CSRF where token is tied to non-session cookie

06 - CSRF where token is duplicated in cookie

07 - SameSite Lax bypass via method override

08 - SameSite Strict bypass via client-side redirect

09 - SameSite Strict bypass via sibling domain

10 - SameSite Lax bypass via cookie refresh

11 - CSRF where Referer validation depends on header being present

12 - CSRF with broken Referer validation

DOM-Based

Practice

1 - DOM XSS using web messages

2 - DOM XSS using web messages and a JavaScript URL

3 - DOM XSS using web messages and JSON.parse

4 - DOM-based open redirection

5 - DOM-based cookie manipulation

6 - Exploiting DOM clobbering to enable XSS

7 - Clobbering DOM attributes to bypass HTML filters

Theory

DOM-based XSS

Essential Skills

1 - Discovering vulnerabilities quickly with targeted scanning

2 - Scanning non-standard data structures

Exams 📝

Cosas que hacer si no van los escaneos

Practice Exam 1

Practice Exam 2

File Uploads

2 - Web shell upload via Content-Type restriction bypass

3 - Web shell upload via path traversal

4 - Web shell upload via extension blacklist bypass

5 - Web shell upload via obfuscated file extension

6 - Remote code execution via polyglot web shell upload

GraphQL

Practice

1 - Accessing private GraphQL posts

2 - Accidental exposure of private GraphQL fields

3 - Finding a hidden GraphQL endpoint (& Bypassing Introspection defenses)

4 - Bypassing GraphQL brute force protections

5 - Performing CSRF exploits over GraphQL

Theory

Como testear graphQL

Introspection

What is GraphQL Web Security Academy

Working with GraphQL in Burp Suite

HTTP Host header

1 - Basic password reset poisoning

2 - Host header authentication bypass

3 - Web cache poisoning via ambiguous requests

4 - Routing-based SSRF

5 - SSRF via flawed request parsing

6 - Host validation bypass via connection state attack

Cabeceras para spoofear Host

Tecniques

HTTP Request Smuggling

01 - HTTP request smuggling, basic CL.TE vulnerability

02 - HTTP request smuggling, basic TE.CL vulnerability

03 - HTTP request smuggling, obfuscating the TE header

04 - HTTP request smuggling, confirming a CL.TE vulnerability via differential responses

05 - HTTP request smuggling, confirming a TE.CL vulnerability via differential responses

06 - Exploiting HTTP request smuggling to bypass front-end security controls, CL.TE vulnerability

07 - Exploiting HTTP request smuggling to bypass front-end security controls, TE.CL vulnerability

08 - Exploiting HTTP request smuggling to reveal front-end request rewriting

09 - Exploiting HTTP request smuggling to capture other users' requests

10 - Exploiting HTTP request smuggling to deliver reflected XSS

11 - Response queue poisoning via H2.TE request smuggling

12 - H2.CL request smuggling

13 - HTTP2 request smuggling via CRLF injection

14 -HTTP2 request splitting via CRLF injection

15 - CL.0 request smuggling

Theory

Information Disclosure

1 - Information disclosure in error messages

2 - Information disclosure on debug page

3 - Source code disclosure via backup files

4 - Authentication bypass via information disclosure

5 - Information disclosure in version control history

Insecure Deserialization

1 - Modifying serialized objects

2 - Modifying serialized data types

3 - Using application functionality to exploit insecure deserialization

4 - Arbitrary object injection in PHP

5 - Exploiting Java deserialization with Apache Commons

6 - Exploiting PHP deserialization with a pre-built gadget chain

7 - Exploiting Ruby deserialization using a documented gadget chain

Java Deserialization Scanner

JWT

Use JWT editor from Burpsuite

Ways to Hack JWT

LLMs

1 - Exploiting LLM APIs with excessive agency

2 - Exploiting vulnerabilities in LLM APIs

3 - Indirect prompt injection

NOSQLi

1 - Detecting NoSQL injection

2 - Exploiting NoSQL operator injection to bypass authentication

3 - Exploiting NoSQL injection to extract data

4 - Exploiting NoSQL operator injection to extract unknown fields

Oauth

1 - Authentication bypass via OAuth implicit flow

2 - SSRF via OpenID dynamic client registration

3 - Forced OAuth profile linking

4 - OAuth account hijacking via redirect_uri

5 - Stealing OAuth access tokens via an open redirect

Theory

Path Traversal

1 - File path traversal, simple case

2 - File path traversal, traversal sequences blocked with absolute path bypass

3 - File path traversal, traversal sequences stripped non-recursively

4 - File path traversal, traversal sequences stripped with superfluous URL-decode

5 - File path traversal, validation of start of path

6 - File path traversal, validation of file extension with null byte bypass

Prototype Pollution

1 - Client-side prototype pollution via browser APIs

2 - DOM XSS via client-side prototype pollution

3 - DOM XSS via an alternative prototype pollution vector

4 - Client-side prototype pollution via flawed sanitization

5 - Client-side prototype pollution in third-party libraries

6 - Privilege escalation via server-side prototype pollution

7 - Detecting server-side prototype pollution without polluted property reflection

8 - Bypassing flawed input filters for server-side prototype pollution

9 - Remote code execution via server-side prototype pollution

Theory

Race Conditions

1 - Limit overrun race conditions

2 - Bypassing rate limits via race conditions

3 - Multi-endpoint race conditions

4 - Single-endpoint race conditions

RCE

1 - OS command injection, simple case

2 - Blind OS command injection with time delays

3 - Blind OS command injection with output redirection

4 - Blind OS command injection with out-of-band interaction

5 - Blind OS command injection with out-of-band data exfiltration

SQLi

01 - SQL injection vulnerability in WHERE clause allowing retrieval of hidden data

02 - SQL injection vulnerability allowing login bypass

03 - SQL injection attack, querying the database type and version on Oracle

04 - SQL injection attack, querying the database type and version on MySQL and Microsoft

05 - SQL injection attack, listing the database contents on non-Oracle databases

06 - SQL injection attack, listing the database contents on Oracle

07 - SQL injection UNION attack, determining the number of columns returned by the query

08 - SQL injection UNION attack, finding a column containing text

09 - SQL injection UNION attack, retrieving data from other tables

10 - SQL injection UNION attack, retrieving multiple values in a single column

11 - Blind SQL injection with conditional responses

12 - Blind SQL injection with conditional errors

13 - Visible error-based SQL injection

14 - Blind SQL injection with time delays

15 - Blind SQL injection with time delays and information retrieval

16 - Blind SQL injection with out-of-band interaction

17 - Blind SQL injection with out-of-band data exfiltration

18 - SQL injection with filter bypass via XML encoding

SQLmap

SSRF

1 - Basic SSRF against the local server

2 - Basic SSRF against another back-end system

3 - Blind SSRF with out-of-band detection

4 - SSRF with blacklist-based input filter

5 - SSRF with filter bypass via open redirection vulnerability

SSTI

1 - Basic server-side template injection

2 - Basic server-side template injection (code context)

3 - Server-side template injection using documentation

4 - Server-side template injection in an unknown language with a documented exploit

5 - Server-side template injection with information disclosure via user-supplied objects

Metodology

Web Cache Deception

1 - Exploiting path mapping for web cache deception

2 - Exploiting path delimiters for web cache deception

3 - Exploiting origin server normalization for web cache deception

4 - Exploiting cache server normalization for web cache deception

Comparación Deception VS Poisoning

Theory

Web Cache Poisoning

Practice

1 - Web cache poisoning with an unkeyed header

2 - Web cache poisoning with an unkeyed cookie

3 - Web cache poisoning with multiple headers

4 - Targeted web cache poisoning using an unknown header

5 - Web cache poisoning via an unkeyed query string

6 - Web cache poisoning via an unkeyed query parameter

7 - Parameter cloaking

8 - Web cache poisoning via a fat GET request

9 - URL normalization

Theory

WebSockets

1 - Manipulating WebSocket messages to exploit vulnerabilities

2 - Cross-site WebSocket hijacking

3 - Manipulating the WebSocket handshake to exploit vulnerabilities

XSS

01 - Reflected XSS into HTML context with nothing encoded

02 - Stored XSS into HTML context with nothing encoded

03 - DOM XSS in document.write sink using source location.search

04 - DOM XSS in innerHTML sink using source location.search

05 - DOM XSS in jQuery anchor href attribute sink using location.search source

06 - DOM XSS in jQuery selector sink using a hashchange event

07 - Reflected XSS into attribute with angle brackets HTML-encoded

08 - Stored XSS into anchor href attribute with double quotes HTML-encoded

09 - Reflected XSS into a JavaScript string with angle brackets HTML encoded

10 - DOM XSS in document.write sink using source location.search inside a select element

11 - DOM XSS in AngularJS expression with angle brackets and double quotes HTML-encoded

12 - Reflected DOM XSS (Eval)

13 - Stored DOM XSS (Bad Sanitization)

14 - Reflected XSS into HTML context with most tags and attributes blocked

15 - Reflected XSS into HTML context with all tags blocked except custom ones

16 - Reflected XSS with some SVG markup allowed

17 - Reflected XSS in canonical link tag

18 - Reflected XSS into a JavaScript string with single quote and backslash escaped

19 - Reflected XSS into a JavaScript string with angle brackets and double quotes HTML-encoded and single quotes escaped

21 - Exploiting cross-site scripting to steal cookies

22 - Exploiting cross-site scripting to capture passwords

Another XSS payloads

How to escape from a JavaScript String

Types of XSS

XXE

1 - Exploiting XXE using external entities to retrieve files

2 - Exploiting XXE to perform SSRF attacks

3 - Blind XXE with out-of-band interaction

4 - Blind XXE with out-of-band interaction via XML parameter entities

5 - Exploiting blind XXE to exfiltrate data using a malicious external DTD

6 - Exploiting blind XXE to retrieve data via error messages

7 - Exploiting XInclude to retrieve files

8 - Exploiting XXE via image file upload

How to prepare for the Burp Suite Certified Practitioner exam Web Security Academy

💻️ Pwn.College

Pwn.College

📱 App Pentest

CTFs

Damn insecure and vulnerable App

0- Info & Initial Setup

1- Insecure Logging

2- Hardcoding Issues - Part 1

3- Insecure Data Storage - Part 1

4- Insecure Data Storage - Part 2

5- Insecure Data Storage - Part 3

6- Insecure Data Storage - Part 4

7- Input Validation Issues - Part 1

8- Input Validation Issues - Part 2

9- Access Control Issues - Part 1

10- Access Control Issues - Part 2

11- Access Control Issues - Part 3

12- Harcoding Issues - Part 2

13- Input Validation Issues - Part 3

InsecureBankV2

0- Info & Initial Setup

1- Insecure Storage

2- Insecure Logging mechanism & Access Control Issues

3- Insecure Content Provider access

4- Root Detection and Bypass

5- No SSL Pinning & Insecure HTTP connections

6- Developer Backdoors & Hidden Functionality

7- Username Enumeration issue

8- Insecure Webview implementation

9- Insecure Logging

10- Flawed Broadcast Receivers & Weak change password implementation

11- IDOR (Weak Change Password Implementation)

12- Local Encryption issues & Hardcoded secrets

13- Application Debuggable

14- Android keyboard cache issues

15- Android Pasteboard vulnerability

16- Android Backup vulnerability

SSL pinning Bypass

Flutter SSL Pinning Bypass

Frida scripts

Frida setup con Android Físico

Frida setup con Android Studio Automatizado

HTTP Toolkit

No flutter SSL Pinning Bypass Alternatives

Instalar XAPK

☁️ Cloud Pentest

AWS

Theory

General

Pentesting APIs & Lambdas

Pentesting CloudWatch

Pentesting Dynamo

Pentesting EC2

Pentesting ECRs

Pentesting ECs

Pentesting IAMs

Pentesting KMS & Secret Manager

Pentesting S3 Buckets

Pentesting SNS

Pentesting SQS

Learn AWS pentesting

💡Note

🐉 N3thical

getent group N3thical

man hacking

👨‍💻 Network Pentest

➕ Extras

CMS

Atlassian Confluence

BackDrop

Cassandra

FreeSwitch

Gerapy

Ghost

Gibbon

Gitea

Grav CMS

H2 Database Console

HelpDeskZ

hMail

Jenkins

Joomla

Laravel

LibreOffice

Nagios

NSClient++

PgAdmin

PHP - phpmyadmin

SmarterMail

Subrion

Wordpress

Zookeeper - Exhibitor

FULL TTYs

Fuzzing

Gestores de contraseña y cifrados

Local File Inclusion

Password Cracking

Pivoting

Web Recon (Bug Bounty)

🔌Pentest by Ports

21 - FTP

22 - SSH

23 - Telnet

25,587,465 - SMTP

53 -DNS

80,443 - HTTP & HTTPS

88 - KERBEROS

111, 2049 - NFS

139,593 - RPC

161,162,10161,10162 - SNMP

389,636,3268,3269 - LDAP

445 - SMB

500 - IKE

554,8554 - RTSP

631 - Internet Printing Protocol

1433 - Microsoft SQL Server

1723 - PPTP

2375, 2376 - Docker

3128 - SQUID

3306,33060 - MySQL

3389,3391 - RDP

3690 - SVN subversion

4222 - NATS & JetStream

5367 - WSDAPI

5895,5896 - winRM

8530,8531 - SCCM

61616, 61613, 61614, 1883, 8883, 5672, 8161 - Apache ActiveMQ

⬆️ Privilege Escalation

Active Directory

AD

AD Certificate Services

BloodHound

Grupos para escalar en AD

Potatos & KrbRelayUp 🥔

Relaying, Reflection y Coerción

Linux

Windows

💡 Note

💻️ Pwn & Reversing

Comandos útiles

Enlaces

💡 Note

🎩 Real Life Pentest

Escaneo Pasivo

Fortinet

Pentest Externo

Pentest Interno

WAFs

🙍 Social Engineering

Gophish Setup

🌐 Web Pentest

💡 Note

Setup Burpsuite MCP

📹️ Youtube

PENTESTING EN LA VIDA REAL

KERBEROS

AS-REP Roasting y Enumeración de Usuarios

KERBEROASTING

Escalada de Privilegios con BloodHound

Fase de Explotación - MSSQL y Cuentas Pre2K

Setup del LAB y Fase de Reconocimiento

cat MiCV

whoami

En esta página

NOSQLi

Inyección NoSQL: bypass de autenticación y extracción de datos con operadores de MongoDB.

Actualizado:

Pager

Anterior3 - Indirect prompt injection

Siguiente1 - Detecting NoSQL injection

Notas personales de seguridad ofensiva.

Darío Pérez Ballesteros — M0B

flaws.cloud

flaws2.cloud

Fortresses

Machines

AWS machines

Linux machines

Windows machines

Active Directory

NetExec Lab

LeHack2025

Writeup

Access Control

APIs

Authentication

Business Logic

Clickjacking

CORS

Practice

CSRF

DOM-Based

Practice

Theory

Essential Skills

Exams 📝

File Uploads

GraphQL

Practice

Theory

HTTP Host header

HTTP Request Smuggling

Information Disclosure

Insecure Deserialization

JWT

LLMs

NOSQLi

Oauth

Path Traversal

Prototype Pollution

Race Conditions

RCE

SQLi

SSRF

SSTI

Web Cache Deception

Web Cache Poisoning

Practice

Theory

WebSockets

XSS

XXE

Damn insecure and vulnerable App

InsecureBankV2

Theory

CMS

Active Directory

KERBEROS

NOSQLi ​

NOSQLi